Excitonic insulator is an elusive phase of matter predicted many decades ago to
occur in a narrow gap semiconductor or a semi-metal. Analogous to Cooper pairs
in superconductors, Coulomb attractions bind electrons and holes in pairs to
form charge-neutral excitons, which undergo a Bose-Einstein condensation at a
sufficiently low temperature. However, unambiguous identification of an
excitonic insulator remains challenging because candidate materials invariably
display simultaneous structural phase transitions. In this talk, I will discuss
the case of Ta2NiSe5, for which a fierce debate continues for more than a decade
on the physical origin of its semimetal-to-insulator transition. Using Raman
scattering, we have observed an incipient divergence in the uniform static
electronic susceptibility. Critical fluctuations of the excitonic order give
rise to quasi-elastic scattering of B2g symmetry, whose intensity grows
inversely with temperature toward the Weiss temperature of T_W~237 K, which is
arrested by a structural phase transition driven by an acoustic phonon of the
same symmetry at T_C=325 K. Concurrently, a B_2g optical phonon becomes heavily
overdamped to the extent that its trace is almost invisible around T_C, which
manifests a strong electron-phonon coupling that has obscured the identification
of the low-temperature phase as an excitonic insulator for more than a decade.
Our result unambiguously reveals the electronic origin of the phase transition.