08:05:04 Alright Hello everyone, it's 9050805 pacific time. And I'm glad we have a growing audience today for tutorials.
08:05:27 Here's the normal.
08:05:31 Zoom instructions which I think we're all pros at right now. I just want to make a couple announcements before we turn it over to Caltech.
08:05:45 And as you know,
08:05:48 I want to advertise a couple ongoing are featured in ongoing conversations and most importantly is just Jess work and young Jen are going to have a after party at 12 to 1pm today.
08:06:10 And I definitely recommend going to that I will be there with the CGM ongoing conversation, not a feature conversation is going to have a sort of a more focused X ray Milky Way CGM conversation that's very loose and informal at 115, to give you a break
08:06:31 in between those two of you, i. If you want to attend both.
08:06:37 So I recommend those I highly recommend Jessen Young's, especially and the zoom links are in the slack channels.
08:06:45 Oh yes, and there's another new Slack channel that mark created of beautiful images and observations or simulations. It's observation, or simulation heavy right now.
08:07:00 But check out that channel, created this morning.
08:07:05 Okay, so we have three tutorials I should have updated this to be 8:05am, and it's going to be more like a 10am, and how this is going to work is that each tutorial will go on for will have a 30 minute amount of time in the main room.
08:07:26 However, 20 minutes of badges that tutorial, and then 10 minutes of primary discussion.
08:07:32 And we'll have five minute breaks in between, and we have made breakout rooms for each of these, so that they can go on and I think that has been successful in the past.
08:07:43 So our tutorials today our first the ferry bubbles.
08:07:48 By Kartik Sarkar, then the Hebrew Rosita bubbles by Marcus Bergen, and then a what sounds like a true tutorial how to do keep playing the Milky Way ism from the CGM, but you're enjoying.
08:08:05 So that's all for me. I'm going to stop my share.
08:08:09 and turn it over to Kartik.
08:08:16 Okay, Thank you, Ben.
08:08:19 Let me share my screen.
08:08:22 Okay hope everyone can see the screen.
08:08:29 Okay, great.
08:08:31 So, hello everyone and.
08:08:34 Good morning, afternoon or evening wherever you are.
08:08:39 So, I'm going to talk about family bubbles, mostly the observational sites and I have been suggested that they should be a tutorial that and I talked so this is really a, an introduction to the people, to the formula for the people who want to think about
08:09:00 about it, but, you know, I've been so busy that could not dig into the topic much so this is perfect. This will be perfect for them to start thinking about this topic, also have to be very careful about you know speaking few things because some of the
08:09:17 observations that I'm going to mention, or things.
08:09:22 Those were worked out by some, some of the people who were already in the audience. So, if I say anything wrong they may actually throw punches at me, even to the screen.
08:09:32 So, Okay, let's, let's begin then.
08:09:37 So this whole thing started this whole thing, this whole thing started with the, you know, discovery of two giant camera bubbles in the galactic center was the galactic center.
08:09:50 So this was first discovered in 2010, and the 1.5 year roughly 1.6 years of data from for me. Like telescope.
08:10:01 And what they found was something which is very exciting and which you like the whole topic of discussion of rhinos activity at the galactic center.
08:10:11 So, this is a remote recent data map by Ackerman at all, which is, which has I think four years of data.
08:10:20 So this shows on the right hand side, This shows this to know, very eye catching bubbles coming out of the Galactic Center and they are very perfectly symmetric, almost equal shape and then size, the surface brightness hardly varies across the surface.
08:10:39 Okay, so these are called the Fermi bubbles. okay, apparently if you calculate the distance know, size, and convert it to distance in the sizes are roughly eight to 10 kilo per se.
08:10:50 The sizes are roughly eight to 10 kilo per se. In the lower energy side there's something called loop one which is also seen in this map shows this nice to horn like structures but upper age is not very clearly seen but you can see there is some kind
08:11:04 of shock. The southern structure is not seen, if, if there is any shock or not.
08:11:12 But there.
08:11:12 There are two complex structures which are exactly symmetry, and of the equals shape like the northern horns, but in the southern hemisphere. So, the total gamma intensity of total gamma a luminosity from this family bubbles is actually about four times
08:11:33 to 37 hours per second. Okay, the total mechanical luminosity if you only consider the bubble region which is converted from how much X ray emitting gas etc, etc, and decides it turns out to be I would attend to a 54 to 55 bucks.
08:11:50 So this is this should be a total energy not per second.
08:11:54 10 to 54 to 55 argument of energy, if you also consider the loop one feature or the nonpolar sport, which is, again, activated topic, the total energy comes up to be able to enter 55 to 50 stock six Argh.
08:12:10 Okay. So what I'm going to do, you know, for the sake is I'm going to take all this observational witnesses and put them into cartoon because I don't have so much expertise into creating this combined or multi Oakland map so I'm just putting them into
08:12:24 cartoon so this has region you see is the hard Gomorrah which is more than five gv anything anything more than five TV.
08:12:32 And this golden ring that you see on top is the loop on which is soft government. OK, so the observations also had like before gamma ray observations.
08:12:46 We also had some information about the different structures at the Galactic Center, which are basically X ray or radio emissions, but the topic was not that highly discussed, because it was not sure whether the X rays coming from the galactic center or
08:13:05 not. So, it was discussed but the whole thing got revive after the discovery of the camaraderie bubbles.
08:13:12 So what do you see here on this left most top left plot is this x ray mission from ido Sita. Okay. In point 621 Cave event just solved, and you can see this nice North Pole, which also comes around.
08:13:31 With the new thing in the university we find is this.
08:13:44 The sudden shock or shed light feature which was not visible in Rosset. So, which is encouraging in the lower energies like if you look at the microwave like 23 to 60 gigahertz, maps, this one is particularly from plan assertion any, what you find is
08:13:53 that this nice excess emission which pops out of the, you know, In access to the CME mission, this frequency range, which is almost co spatial.
08:14:06 So this is highly likely that the both the microwave and the gamma ray are actually coming from the same underlying electron population which is very likely and the spiritually index for this alien population is about minus 2.2.
08:14:24 Okay. We also see in polarization radiation at 2.3 gigahertz, that this radiation is actually extending further out from the former world was the top.
08:14:37 Okay, so what I'm going to do I'm actually going to put all these things into again in the cartoon, so the blue is now X ray which you see this nice to elicit are like bubbles.
08:14:49 And then, in underlying we also have microwave emission, which is the radio machine general which is presented represented by the green bet.
08:15:02 Okay, so let's move forward. So one thing that I mentioned is that the X ray, the weather.
08:15:10 What are the structures which are seen as the galactic center in extra whether they're related to control or not, has been a big discussion.
08:15:28 It's actually has been argued over half a century now that you know no one has really good answers or clear consensus What is it, Today I was find some results observations, which they did this actually this x ray are actually coming from Dell Tech Center,
08:15:37 as someone says that some other observations come in the neck on the next day it says that no this is actually close by so this has really been debated for over half a century now.
08:15:46 So there are two kinds of scenarios where you can have this extra, extra shells towards the Gallop, gallop center one is that it is actually originated the galactic center.
08:15:57 So, the sizes, I would have to tend to tend to look at another, is it is actually close by, which is close to like hundred 200 per se, but the size is also compatible hundred 200 per se, is simply that it is projected on the same physical space.
08:16:20 So I actually wanted to dig into this topic at why, you know, what is the origin or something and it turns out that you know I listed some of them here was the in favor of galactic center origin and local origin and you can find your favorite, favorite
08:16:36 observation, but it seems that this is not yet settled. And I don't know which which is true, but somehow I prefer the galactic center origin picture.
08:16:48 But this is again something which has to be done through observations and it is better to leave it to the observed observers who can actually resolve this issue.
08:17:00 So one thing I want to say that the main, it seems that there this you know debate is going on because the two kinds of observations are saying two different things like the main proponent of Gallup galactic center is in a place coming from x ray mission,
08:17:17 extra absorption towards the Nautilus for whereas the radio, radio absorption radio ambition, or the radio ferreted, the polarization cetera, which are actually coming out, saying that this structures are closed by.
08:17:34 So I think it is still best to leave to the observers to find out what is the true distance to it.
08:17:43 But let's move on to other observations.
08:17:49 So, Fox it all, Andrew Fox and wrong bother they had this nice observation set of observations which look at the background agents to find certain me absorption lines, I want absorption line profiles too big for me bubbles, and this is what defined.
08:18:08 And they find that their actual sufficient number of clouds, which are, which have observed from lines.
08:18:19 More than the, what do we expect what do you expect from the background clouds. So this is that there is an excess of clouds within the funding global and the kind of metrics of this clouds show that the line of sight velocities can range from minus 202
08:18:37 plus 250 kilometers per second.
08:18:39 And if you model the candidate from the clouds has even more income driven more energy to him down so that the radial velocity for the cloud, if he has in the clouds are completely radial out flowing.
08:18:51 This is about thousand kilometers per second. And it is a simple task from there that to divide the distance by the velocity to estimate the age, which it takes the clouds take to reach 10% from the Galactic Center, which is 6 million sale.
08:19:10 So, let me put this clouds on top of this cartoon over here which will turn out to be a complex picture later. So the CEO yellow clouds, you can see they are actually within the bubble and I have not started any bubbles on top on any clouds on top of
08:19:34 because the detection rate is lower compared to within this bubble. So looking at the h1 emission. This is result from a lot a lot man and accurate graduates who find that the galactic center has a huge hole in the h1 emission.
08:19:49 And this is what is shown over here, and the outer edge of the funding bubbly soon by this red dot polka dotted dots and the there is other extra structure just called in all the knowledge petition but the sidelines.
08:20:05 But surprisingly, this is actually of the size of our two kilo classic in radius here which is huge. So,
08:20:16 okay, so we also have individual agent emitting clouds towards the galactic center, this is a, this is an observation from the theater, theater, who find that this small clouds, which have actually roughly an opening angle, you can see that this roughly
08:20:35 customers to set an opening angle, which is no seems that the clouds are actually being accepted from the galactic center and flowing out.
08:20:44 Okay and the velocity of this clouds also seem to be varying from minus 302 plus 300 kilometers per second.
08:20:51 Okay, so the luminosity mechanical luminosity for this cloud is simply the client energy is about three times 10 to 40 hours per second, it has to be more than that.
08:21:01 And this the kind of excited that this clouds have been traveling for our past 10 million years roughly.
08:21:10 So I'm going to put this.
08:21:15 No, xh one hole in the galactic center, and the small scale clouds which are also no found in each one emotion.
08:21:20 So let's let's, then move to know what what is happening at the galactic center. So if you look at, you know, zoom into the galactic center in X ray. so this is an image from Rosset in 1.5 kB and shows that nice nice nice nice conical extra shipped out
08:21:38 out to happening from the galactic center if you put at the know what brought it with the gamma ray machine seems that this nicely matches the gamma ray emission seems that the X ray and the comedy at the Galactic Center also has common origin.
08:21:58 Moreover, if you look at, even deeper, you know, using excellent neutron and radio emissions.
08:22:07 You can find even more. No, and interesting structures, for example this lift figure is from pointed 2019, and what they find is that in radio which is the green, you know, which is the green color here.
08:22:24 Radio see clearly see a show like formation.
08:22:29 At the galactic center which, so these Sagittarius A stuff here.
08:22:33 And in X ray, you find chimney like feature so this pinkish reddish color is the x ray sulphur 15 I think self or 15. Align emission opt in from external Newton.
08:22:47 And you can see that it seems that something is coming out of the Galactic Center, and in this small scale. You also have active galactic activity. Probably preferably are probably from this is a star.
08:23:02 But there are other extensions to for for this chimneys whether they can be produced by supernova activity at the galactic center.
08:23:12 So, all good. And now what are the other effects that we have that says that what is happening at the galactic center. Recently there was a paper by Brandon into 19 which last last last year, who find an excess ionization I think this figure should be
08:23:33 no upside down and like reversed. So this is the MC, and they find that the ellipses certain part of the MC has chili exercise ation and this cannot be produced by simply star formation, start forming clouds and in star formation, at the galactic center
08:23:50 you need something which is hard, it's hard ionization photons. So this is only possible from agent.
08:24:01 If the galactic center agent was active, and by calculating the travel time from the galactic center to the cloud, and to us, and the recombination time given know, they suddenly ionized guess this limited that the, this must have happened about 3 million
08:24:21 years ago at the galactic center so the galactic center Blackwood must have been active 3 million years ago, with a, with an with a luminosity of point one to one Eddington luminosity.
08:24:35 Because so there must be. So, it is clear that something is going on that actually went on at the galactic center to film 2 million years ago.
08:24:44 Okay, so I'm just going to put this MC, you know this batch, just to show that there is an excess sign edition, that is required to explain the ratios.
08:24:58 Right. So, what else do we know from the galactic center observations like a, we can look at the.
08:25:08 percent iron lines, and it turns out that it's such as that the gap is this island says that the luminosity of the Central Asian was I would tend to a three to 10 to four times higher compared to what we see.
08:25:20 Currently, which is about 10 to 38 x per second. So this means that the past luminosity could have been voted to 41 to 42 hours per second. Okay. There is also a smaller clump of stars newly formed stars formed about 6.
08:25:36 million years ago, which is within the 1% region of the Galactic Center. So this means there's something definitely went off the random had something happened with the agent.
08:25:50 So what I would start formation. So, it has been found in these radio observations and, you know, also in the color. Color diagrams that the galactic center is also actually going through some star formation process.
08:26:10 So, the star function rate was
08:26:14 estimated 2.17 watts per year by usage.
08:26:20 In 2009, but is more recent paper by nowhere, who have actually, this is a, this is part of the galactic nucleus survey, who, so they have about 80,000 stars, and they've uploaded the color.
08:26:36 Color diagram and found that there is that existed.
08:26:39 Smaller branch of stars, which cannot be explained. If you don't have star formation happening more recently, so from this they actually estimated that there must have been a more recent burst of star formation, with the, with sprint of point two 2.8
08:26:56 So last year.
08:26:57 I mean last 30 million years or so.
08:27:00 Okay. So, we will now know that there is both agent there has been a gene activity and probably there was a small, you know, small strength.
08:27:12 Start Starburst repeated in the galactic center to.
08:27:16 So what else can we get from this, you know, observations that what else can we constrain, our different levels. So this is where Miller and regnant oxen set, eight to seven line ratio came into picture.
08:27:31 So what they found is that this ratio was enhanced within the formula was and slot started to go below and finally march to the Galactic easily be static galactic Halo level.
08:27:48 So, this right but what you see is this different beans, which are basically this elliptical beans that you see coming out from this galactic center. So in each being in the first one which is the which encloses the formidable, the ratio is quite high,
08:27:59 and towards the other. As soon as you go outside the formula will been, we actually the ratio goes down, and the ratio becomes consistent, to the Galactic CGM of no 2 million Calvin temperature.
08:28:24 So from this they actually estimated that the formula temperature must be about 10 to six months six kill Kelvin. So the mechanical luminosity, as we would tend to have 42 times 10 to 42 hours per second.
08:28:37 So we also did some simulation and founded synthetic line ratios and the simulation says that you can also have the mechanical mechanical luminosity must be less than 10 to 14 minutes per second.
08:28:51 And it can still produce this line ratio so if you have more luminosity then the line ratios really go more become even more than one. So this is within an order of magnitude this to estimates are really consistent but it's it's it's a limit where the
08:29:09 luminosity can be because of the temperature of the ox and eight and seven emitting gas.
08:29:17 So again, so what is the origin of the formula will then. So then the question of origin can be divided into two parts. One is the dynamical origin and one is the spectral origin.
08:29:27 So the dynamical origin is more appears that what gave rise to the energy to this purpose, whether it is black hole, or whether it is supernovae in the spectral origin case, you can actually think that.
08:29:40 Where does the gamma come from. Is it had running processes electronic processes, what is the main process that gives rise to the candidates.
08:29:51 So, you don't have to even go to, you know, too much details into the topic to find out something about the funding robot so what what is, what do you see here is the spectrum of the funding global.
08:30:05 Okay, spectrum of different components. So the blue one is actually formidable spectrum, I can immediately see that the, you know, after about one gv the spectrum flattens out and the spectrum causes tend to eat to grow as 1.1, whereas before it is it
08:30:24 is about 82.5 and just simply, you know, if your phone is synchrotron assume that it is emitted by an inverse complaint process.
08:30:34 And you can get from this dependence, you can easily get that the electron spectrum, must be about minus 3.2 which is on this right side, and early before, one zV the electoral spectrum as he goes to minus two which is again, consistent with the electrons
08:30:55 spectrum, estimated from the microwave is radiation.
08:31:00 And this, you can estimate what is the cooling time of such, you know, hard electron. And it turns out that the springtime is a few million years so this this electrons have to refresh a freshly accelerated otherwise you'd see that the electron spectrum
08:31:16 Otherwise you would see that the electron spectrum would not be such a heart.
08:31:19 Okay, so there are actually different mechanisms that you can produce such for intervals like one ways that you can actually through cosmically electrons from the galactic center and then let them reach to the height within 2 million years so this will
08:31:32 give you an idea of the velocity. Okay, this will also give you an idea what is the mechanical luminosity, such as the case. So this is. So in this case the mechanical luminosity is about integrating can also been slightly service, and other way you can
08:31:47 produce the know precisely little exit electrons, is that if you accelerate them right before the shock of this formula will. So in that case, it will mechanical can be much smaller.
08:32:02 Okay, so I'm just you know probably I'll not be able to talk about a lot about other
08:32:10 other models but I know we can talk about this in the discussion sheets and so I just wanted to highlight one of the models that have been working on.
08:32:20 So this is a simple star function driven model which.
08:32:25 What we do is we inject supernova at the galactic center, and let it evolving into a halo. So in the left, left hand side you see density on the right hand side you see temperature and.
08:32:39 So, you see that it actually drives a shock outwards, and it also has different shops that we will shop one here, one here, and also forms clouds at the contact discontinuity.
08:32:51 So, the picture that we were proposing, was that cosmic rays are being injected here. And, again, being accepted the reverse shot here and here and in the turbulence inside, whereas the X rays coming from the Galactic.
08:33:06 Most of the X rays coming from the shell, which is hot, as well as very dense dense compared to the bubbles so we actually live say she liked feature.
08:33:17 So, this is just the extra projection of the simulation, and if you put the gamma emission in top of it.
08:33:27 It just seems to be fitting with observations and the brightness also match quite nicely.
08:33:35 So, then let me know when when to stop by. Otherwise I can actually go on forever.
08:33:41 Well, let's talk about this model.
08:33:43 Okay, so this is another model where you know, young at all. I think the artists and also here in the audience.
08:33:52 So, they consider an aging driven model and the simple model they have cosmically diffusion etc. And you can see that the, this is also able to get what is the you know, the shape of the vulnerable and also the brightness of the panelists and, but in
08:34:09 their case they have a very luminous AGM which is about you know Eddington and the age of different roles or point three. So it is not very certain that what what is, you know, right, what is the right age of defining roles or what is, whether it is related
08:34:26 to the X ray shells or not, but I am hoping to discuss it more in the in the discussion section Association, or you know after the university talk. And so, and the later after party.
08:34:38 But, I think.
08:34:41 I hope that you, you've got some, some take home messages or some type of notes I will be pulled me over 10 will be able to start thinking about it soon.
08:34:51 Yeah, so the current current status of the you know for mobile is this. So, what became super innovative and our agent even though they're constantly fighting that which is great but no conclusion so far.
08:35:10 Okay, Great. That was a really nice overview.
08:35:16 I will go back and watch that.
08:35:20 That's a very comprehensive, and I think we'll open it up for about five minutes here and have any discussion.
08:35:31 Also I want to say that.
08:35:33 Karthik, just because it's recommended that maybe we combine the breakout sessions with the Rosita with Debbie okay because it's kind of so related that I think everyone would want to be here and then have one breakout room for both of you.
08:35:51 And I'm more than happy to do that.
08:35:53 Sounds great, because I think we had nicely goes. So let's talk about four or five minutes about about any discussions, open it up. I'm gonna have a quick suggestion.
08:36:05 Sure. So, since we will be posting all these slides, which are great by the way thank you i think i didn't at least catch all the references you were talking about so I don't know whether they were, they are on the slide or not but before posting it would
08:36:20 be great if you also include them or their references already in this slide, which are there right okay then.
08:36:29 I find a lot of a lot of the work with that too much.
08:36:34 Thank you. Yeah.
08:36:42 Um, I have a question. Oh, so you said that there's a 300 year timescale in there, based on extra calls off the molecular. Yeah. where does that come from.
08:36:51 I was confused about that. Where does that come from is the Echo, or the estimation.
08:37:00 Where does that come from is the Echo, or the estimation. The idea yeah so what happened 300 years ago.
08:37:06 I know so but the Eco suggests that there's something happened in the, you know, to the hen so it can actually. And given the you know size would be solid angle of this echo no echoing clouds and the distance from the galactic center can actually estimate
08:37:25 what what happened I know some few million years ago, maybe this is the same event that actually you know gave rise to the.
08:37:33 This stellar cluster 667 million years ago, with just the luminosity is, you know, it has happened over time so the luminous it's about 10 to 41 to put it towards per second.
08:37:45 Okay.
08:37:47 Oh okay that's that's past okay so it's from, from the event six mega years ago. Yeah, but it's still.
08:37:55 Yeah, it's just, you know, $300 million was the you know just that, since it is the distance between the agent Sagittarius Esther and the molecular cloud.
08:38:12 So this is the reason of this 300 years, nothing, nothing was really. Okay.
08:38:18 Great.
08:38:36 Do you do like I know Josh plan Hawthorns paper on this for a jet but do you know if there's additional evidence that there is a jet inside different bubble gum, there is no I mean, people have not actually concluded anything so there was initial claim
08:38:52 by Doppler Finkbeiner that there is a chip But later, they also backed out from that complain, and blank. The later you know for years data from the Terminator they also don't conclude that there is any JB actually say that there is we do find no evidence
08:39:07 of the jet.
08:39:10 So, does that answer your question. Yeah, thanks. I was just curious what's the status.
08:39:18 And then a critique, what you ask your question. Yeah, thanks. So I think this is about this 300 years ago, enhanced X ray activity from, from the galactic center so these are fluorescence like, you know, loosens the emission, which is, you know, the
08:39:38 300 years is just the difference. The light travel, the excess light travel time.
08:39:44 And what it you know this is just an example which shows that the galactic center black hole can be variable on a very short time scale as short as 300 years.
08:39:55 So, it should not be a big surprise that there was something like millions of years ago, that you can have large variations in mechanical luminosity and, you know, bolo metric luminosity on even short time scales.
08:40:12 So the President dimness should not be thought of as like a permanent state of the black hole.
08:40:20 I absolutely agree with that. How much would the black hole have have to grow by how much mass did a decrease relative to, you know, it's four times 10 to the six solar mass mass to produce the fair me and he Rosita bubbles.
08:40:39 Right. So, again, depending on how much you know what is the weather it was Eddington rate or something, but you can get from the total energy right that the total energy 17 to 55 works out.
08:40:56 So, you know, if you make you easily convert it to a total amount of mass and from it.
08:41:02 Let's do that Let's do that calculation. Yeah.
08:41:07 Because you know is I mean it was a small fraction, but it could have it is it is a small fraction, still a significant amount, which is really interesting.
08:41:21 All right, I think, what we will do is just on a quick can, there's a quick question for Mary in the chat, Joe, okay. It just either medalists at estimates for the gas not to be directly associated with the bubbles, is what she asks, in the chat.
08:41:31 So, are you talking about early. The bubbles themselves.
08:41:36 I guess I'm thinking mainly in the up if there's any constraints or I, I doubt it. You don't have h1 so you will be better person to answer the comment on it so that to publish Melissa the estimates, one is a halo star which.
08:41:54 How can lenders group published a while ago, and they had beautiful fuse data with lemon lemon systems so that's a super silver medalists at. There is one we published at a slightly medium latitude, which was a 21 centimeter mission detection and we found
08:42:09 it to be a lower limit of 30% solar or higher. The problem with that estimate is that a the lines are saturated and be we have big beam smearing effects, these are tiny clouds and our GBT being sizes very big.
08:42:26 There's an upcoming paper, which is not published yet, where we have much more medalists at estimate. And all of these seem to suggest there Laura Melissa DS, and that's a very surprising thing.
08:42:39 And we're kind of speculating what's going on. One factor is being smearing, which is a big problem.
08:42:46 The second might be that some of the gas that is in train might be in trained, you know, they might be in trained a little bit higher up, and not necessarily being driven up from the highest of itself so those are still working progress we haven't published
08:43:01 f1 yeah yeah i mean i definitely think this can be a strong constraint over whether these clowns are actually associated because you get even the intermediate boss the clouds to kill a process up their solar medalist city right.
08:43:13 So if you're finding some solar consistently that fits in with the general high velocity cloud population which is, to be honest, what I think some of these clouds may be relevant specific to that but I'll be really interested to see how things evolve.
08:43:28 Yeah, I mean they're all cool moving with the Fermi bubble, it's a question of where they got in train, is it a high velocity cloud which is sitting there and something hit them and they started accelerating or they're coming from the galactic center
08:43:44 itself.
08:43:45 Great, well let's turn it over, Kartik thank you again.
08:43:51 We'll have a breakout room after Marcus's presentation so yes so round of applause.