We address three questions regarding solar system planets. What
determined their number? Why are their orbits nearly circular and
coplanar? How long did they take to form?
We pick up the story of planet formation at the end of oligarchy, when
the oligarchs'
surface mass density matched that of the small bodies they were accreting. Dynamical friction
by the small bodies was no longer
able to balance viscous stirring, so the oligarchs' velocity
dispersion increased to the extent that their orbits crossed. An
essential assumption of our investigation is that as the big bodies
got bigger, the small ones got smaller as the result of undergoing a
collisional fragmentation cascade. It follows that oligarchy was a
brief stage in solar system evolution. What happened next differed in
the inner and outer parts of the planetary system. In the inner part,
where the ratio of the escape velocity from the surfaces of the
planets to the escape velocity from their orbits is smaller than
unity, big bodies collided and coalesced once their random velocities
became comparable to their escape velocities. In the outer part, where
this ratio is larger than unity, the random velocities of some of the
big bodies continued to rise until they were ejected. In both parts,
the number density of the big bodies eventually decreased to the
extent that gravitational interactions among them no longer produced
large scale chaos. After that their orbital eccentricities and
inclinations were damped by dynamical friction from the remaining
small bodies.
A few implications of the above scenario are worth noting. Impacts
among protoplanets of comparable size were common in the inner planet
system but not in the outer. Ejections from the outer planet system
included several bodies with masses in excess of Earth after
oligarchy.
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